07/27/2020
The DIFFERENCE between a LAGER and an ALE
Throughout my entire career, which is to say, most of my life, people have asked me (or told me, incorrectly) about the difference between an ALE and a LAGER. Some have been categorically defiant about their "definition". So, I have decided to publicly put the matter to rest. Some people may continue to assert that their "opinion" is correct. But some people also say the world is flat.
A lot of people think that ale yeast is "warm and top fermenting" and lager yeast is the opposite. While this may be generally accurate, it is neither objective nor entirely correct. It's a little like saying tall men make great basketball players. While there may be many tall men who are great players, there are certainly some who suck at it. Conversely, there are certainly some shorter men who are great players. Ergo...
WORT is the liquid we make that becomes beer. Conventional brewers' worts contain a host of polysaccharides, sugars, some of which are fermentable and some of which are not. One of the minor wort constituents is a disaccharide called RAFFINOSE. Raffinose is broken down by brewing yeast by the yeast enzyme RAFFINASE. One of the resultant saccharides is fermentable by brewing yeasts. The other byproduct is a saccharide called MELIBIOSE. Lager yeasts have, at their cell walls, the enzyme MELIBIASE aka MELIBIOSE TRANSPORTASE, which means that lager yeast can bring this saccharide across their cell walls and metabolize it. ALE YEAST CANNOT. The difference between an ale and a lager yeast is the presence of MELIBIASE. Given a sample of beer, a lab can tell whether the beer is an ale or a lager simply by testing for the presence of melibiose. Melibiose positive= ALE. Melibiose negative = LAGER.
I apologize for the wonkishness of this but I'm tired of the confusion, and my friend Gray Zabriskie requested more wonky science stuff.